Cultivation techniques in cultivation in the ground
For cultivation techniques means all operations conducted with the aim to foster the growth of production and lush plants, there are many, and in this article we give a brief description of the principal.
Weeding
It 'must have at least one type of hoe to till the soil around vegetables and ornamental plants and fruit.
Weeding has two main functions:
- reduces weeds and thereby increases the availability of light and nutrients;
- decreases the compactness of the soil allowing the penetration of vital air.
It also says that a layer of fine soil on the surface acts as a mulch preventing excessive water loss.
Are available on the market many models of hoes and sarchiatoi from which to choose, the most widespread is the sarchiatolo to shot; this type of sarchiatoio has a flat blade carried at the end of two metal arms that allow the land to pass in between. The tool is pushed and pulled, just below the soil surface, so as to sever the stems of weeds just below the collar. If used in too deep proves less effective in the control of weeds.
The hoe to three teeth has the appearance of a fork with three prongs mounted at right angles to the end of a sturdy handle. It is used with a movement of shear and tension and the operator proceeds walking forward, not backwards as is the case with the sarchiatolo to shot. There are also other models on the market similar to this but with the blade continues. The sarchiatolo gooseneck is of the type with a long handle. It is the best tool to trace the furrows for sowing and is also very useful for tucking. The sarchiatolo hand it is a much smaller, and you can use it with one hand to disperse several cultures at the stage of seedlings; held firm the piantole be kept while the others are cut off from the blade.
Tamping
It consists for it in the earth around the stems of the plants and can be done for various reasons.
The young and tender shoots sprouting too early in the spring should be protected from frost with a covering of earth.
It 's often the case with potatoes and some weeds. Put a little fine earth above the sprouts using a rake or a sarchiatolo gooseneck; other plants instead, growing develop much the upper part which increases the weight, with the risk of rupture in the vicinity of the insertion point on the ground , a mound of earth at the base of the trunk will increase its stability. The tool most suitable is the gooseneck sarchiatoio. Vegetables harvested for the stem is white and crisp and tucked to exclude light (process known as blanching) and to induce them to elongate. In the case of the leeks, the operation is done gradually during the growth. Celery instead is tucked at the end of summer when the plants are nearing maturity. Hold together the stems of the leaves with a paper tube and cardboard ammucchiarvi hate all around the earth with his spade. In the case of potato tubers prevents ridging, exposed to sunlight, becoming green and inedible. The operation should be repeated at intervals of ten days in the early stages of growth. The right tools are the hoe and the three teeth sarchiatolo gooseneck.
Bleaching
Bleaching is designed to prevent sunlight from reaching certain vegetables so that the leaves, stems and ribs of the leaves become white and green: In these conditions some vegetables have a more pleasant flavor and are crunchy. Subtracting light prevents the formation of chlorophyll, the pigment that gives the green color to plants. Typical example of bleaching occurs with some types of salad, such as endive, which is subjected to bleaching in order to improve the taste and implementation must proceed cos': cover the plant with a plastic pot; close the drain holes of the vessel to exclude the light, the leaves will remain in the dark and after a few weeks you can collect from the endive and crisp white heart.
Forcing
There are many plants of which you can anticipate the development by providing appropriate environmental conditions, so you can produce flowers, vegetables and fruit out of season. Most of the plants in need of heat for forcing, but a temperature of 10-15 ° C will suffice. You can use greenhouses, frames and "multipliers." The potatoes and green beans can be planted from December to January, in 30 cm pots or tubs where they will be left up to full development. After planting the roots in pots or boxes filled with soil, put the containers under the bed of the greenhouse, or in a place sheltered from frost, and cover with a sheet of black polythene supported by arches or metal, in the case of vessels , putting a jar upside down over the first. If the light penetrated, ingiallirebbero buds and in the case of chicory and sea kale, become bitter. The potted strawberries in summer can be transferred into a greenhouse in January to get an early production, and a similar treatment can be applied to flowering shrubs grown in pots. The bulbs will be left about eight weeks in a cool environment to favor the emission of roots. Will then be transferred to the greenhouse to hasten flowering. Most of the plants should be discarded after a force, since the force is a practice stressful for the plant.
Thinning
Thin out the fruits of plants such as grapevines and peach trees, which are produced in large quantities. A portion of the fruit is removed while they are still small to allow others to reach their full development. This intervention also saves energy for plants and increases the chances of a good harvest the following year. Gooseberries can disperse from late May onwards, when the fruits are large enough to consume cooked. Remove the fruit and go off and leave the others to develop up to take the size of a dessert fruit. The grapes grown in the greenhouse should be thinned in June. The operation should be completed in 10-15 days, eliminating the berries first internal, then the smaller, leaving among others the thickness of a pencil so that they can develop well. Scatter the flowers and fruits still small melons, leaving, in plants grown in the greenhouse, only one jet.
In apple and pear trees should be left in only one or two fruits for each corymb, and these at a distance of 15 cm from each other.
Scatter in mid-June and again after one month.
With the plum trees proceed in the same way, but leaving intervals of approximately 5-8 cm.
It is essential to thin out the peaches if you want large fruit. Perform step by step, the fruit to the end should be at a distance of 15 cm.
Topping
Many plants are bushy in nature and well-balanced develop a scaffold of branches and buds. The other drum has instead what is known as apical dominance: the shoot apex of main stem grows vigorously and is hampering the development of all the other gi. Some plants with this characteristic tend to be tall, thin and ugly, if not are stimulated to emit side branches. Many ornamental plants benefit from the flock and take on an elegant bushy. The apical dominance is reduced by removing the terminal bud. In this way it will be possible to develop other shoots and the plant will assume a more harmonious. In certain cases it is appropriate to practice, in a second time, even the chamfer of these shoots to keep the plant the bushy. The chrysanthemums are chamfered to have large flowers.
Sbottonatura
In plants such as roses, chrysanthemums, dahlias and carnations, you can decide if you prefer to have many small flowers or a single large flower.
Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma, the female organ male organ of the flower, is the first stage of seed production and is called pollination. For most of the fruit plants in the greenhouse pollination is essential and must act as the natural pollinators such as bees may not be present at the time of flowering.
On flowers of the peach tree and vine water spray or touching them with a soft brush to transfer across the grains of pollen. In some cases it is sufficient to shake the flowers. For plants such as melons, flowers that produce separate male and female, remove the male flowers and pass on those women.
Nutrition
To achieve a healthy and vigorous development is essential given the plants, whether grown in containers or in the ground, the necessary nutrients. Outdoor products nutrients in the soil are washed away by rain, while those used for compost containers are soon consumed by the plant. From March to September, all plants being grown in pots of intense development will benefit from doses of liquid fertilizer, diluted in water at the doses indicated, at intervals of two weeks. Perform the operation only when the soil is already moist around the roots to the plant to facilitate the absorption of nutrients. There are so many specific liquid fertilizer, but you can also use the liquid fertilizer a few simple fertilizer diluted in water. Plants grown for their fruits, like tomatoes, will benefit from administration of a high content of potassium fertilizers in the early stages of fruiting. The nutritional needs vary with the crop.
Some nutrients can be administered to the leaves of plants that absorb readily conveying it into the lymph. The foliar nutrition is useful to give a rapid increase in growth, but should be used with caution in plants with hairy leaves.
Mulch
A layer of organic material 5-8 cm high distributed around the plants grown in a flower bed or in the edge and serves to several purposes. They decompose slowly, helping to enrich the soil, prevent the growth of intestanti and retain soil moisture.
The best time to do this is spring.
The remaining material is buried in the autumn with the pitchfork. The land will then remain exposed to the elements, and will absorb the winter rains. It is important that the soil is moist when you apply the mulch. If it is dry, the mulch will slow the passage of rainwater. For strawberries and potatoes you can use sheets of black polythene. Spread on the ground already worked strips of polythene 80-100 cm wide, and determine their sides in shallow furrows, and practicing with a knife or with a plant-bulbs of the cuts on the cover. The strawberries should be planted after the polythene was laid on the ground. The potatoes grown with this technique does not need tamping because, even if it develops on the surface, are protected dalli light from the plastic. Although this type of mulch does not enrich the soil, however, eliminates weeds and conserve moisture, particularly useful when the organic material is scarce.
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